Full San Diego DUI Lawyer information provided by San Diego County DUI Law Center's Drunk Driving Attorney for those accused of a San Diego California DUI.


San Diego DUI Attorney Rick Mueller is a Top-Rated San Diego Drunk Driving Lawyer, San Diego DUI & DMV Defense Attorney with over 26 years of experience. San Diego DUI Lawyer Rick Mueller dedicates 100% of his San Diego DUI law practice to aggressively defending those accused of San Diego Driving Under the Influence.

He lectured at the

Annual DUI Seminar

in connection with the American Bar Association at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. San Diego California Criminal Defense Attorney Rick Mueller also spoke at the prestigious California Attorneys For Criminal Justice

A Day in the Desert with the DUI Experts - Annual DUI seminar

.

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San Diego DUI Attorney Rick Mueller just wrote "Alcohol level .07% or less yet still arrested for DUI / Drunk Driving / DWI? How in California?"
Posted on 4/26/10, 8 minutes ago.

Rick is a Lawyer specializing in drunk driving defense and is licensed in California.

San Dieog DUI Criminal Defense Lawyers face California state toxicologists routinely testify folks can be impaired at .05% BAC or more (rather than the legal limit of .08% or more BAC). What? Read here.

Driving under the influence of drugs

If you take prescription or non-prescription over-the-counter drugs or alcohol while driving, you can be in trouble. According to the law, anyone under the effect of drugs found driving or being in charge of a vehicle may have to go to court. Whether you have been advised these drugs by your doctor or health consultant, driving under their influence means you are breaking the law.

Traffic authorities are given the power to check any one for a random drug test, especially those who are found to be suspicious. This can include the way a person is driving the car and physical signs and performance of the driver. Normally, the police carry out a random drug test by taking a sample of the drivers saliva and checking it for levels of cannabis, MDMA or ecstasy and methylamphetamine or ICE. Any non-zero levels of these three drugs mean the driver is breaking the law. Currently, the saliva test can only detect levels of these three drugs, and the police can take a blood test or urine sample at any point if they feel that the driver is under influence of some other drug such as alcohol. A breathalyser can also be carried out to find if the driver has any alcohol in his system. However, for alcohol, the threshold level for drug in the blood is safe anywhere between zero and 0.05, and blood alcohol levels or BAC higher than this can cause trouble for the driver. This threshold limit can be changed by the law anytime, as deemed appropriate. A prosecution drug recognition expert can also be used as a testimony against the driver.

When a person is under the influence of drugs, whether it is alcohol, an addictive drug, prescription drug or over-the-counter drug, his or her mental or physical capacity of being able to work properly and comprehend things can become impaired. Driving under the influence of drugs, also known as DUI, or driving while impaired or intoxicated or DWI can become a problem not only for the driver, but for other passengers riding in the vehicle and also for the passerbyes. A drug can be categorized as just anything which affects a person’s mental or physical capability, whether it is a cold medicine, pills of coffee or caffeine etc. According to the definition used in California, “A drug is anything capable of affecting the nervous system, brain or muscles of an individual as to impair, to an appreciable degree, his or her ability to drive a vehicle in the manner that any ordinarily prudent and cautious person, in full possession of his faculties, using reasonable care, would drive a similar vehicle under like conditions.” If you or someone you know has been charged for DUI, you will need to consult a specialized DUI lawyer or a DUI attorney, who has qualified DUI Laws. A lawyer not specialized in this field may not be able to defend you as it takes real know-how to handle cases accused with DUI.
According to definition, DUI includes driving under the influence of alcohol, including driving while intoxicated, drunk driving, operating a vehicle under the influence of drugs, where as a vehicle can include anything from bicycle, boat, airplane, to wheelchair, tractor or horse. In most counties and states of America, DUI and DWI are considered a criminal offense and are dealt with severe charges. It is a serious health hazard and causes 39% of vehicle related deaths each year. Most courts will disqualify the accused of holding or obtaining a driver’s license for a specific period of time, whereas in serious cases, the charges can be severe. These charges can include a fine, appointment of a community service or even prison. The court also takes away the right of eligibility to apply for a work licence and if the driver is convicted with a serious offence of driving or being in charge of a vehicle while under the influence of a drug.

Some states may have the same punishment for DUI drug cases and DUI alcohol cases. However, in states where the punishments are different, it is important to hire a DUI Laws lawyer who can relieve some of the harsher punishments imposed by law. Whether you have been accused of drunk driving DUI, DWI or driving while impaired or intoxicated, DUII or driving under the influence of intoxicants, OUI or operating under the influence of drugs, OUIL or operating under the influence of liquor, MVI or operating a motor vehicle while impaired or simply accused of reckless driving while drunk, a knowledgeable and skilled defence DUI lawyer should be consulted. Do not waste time with inexperienced lawyers, as your driver’s license can be cancelled. Consulting a skilled criminal defense lawyer who concentrated on DUI and DWI defense should be your first choice to save yourself from a lot of trouble.

San Diego DUI criminal defense lawyers often encounter folks who are arrested after having smoked medical marijuana. It's perfectly legally for cardholders to smoke any day as long as you are not impaired or under the influence while you drive. Today is Weed day.

Legend has it that Warren Haynes, the Allman Brothers Band guitarist, routinely plays with the surviving members of the Grateful Dead, now touring as The Dead. He's just finished a Dead show in Washington, D.C. and gets a pop quiz from the Huffington Post.

Where does 420 come from?

He pauses and thinks, hands on his side. "I don't know the real origin. I know myths and rumors," he says. "I'm really confused about the first time I heard it. It was like a police code for smoking in progress or something. What's the real story?"

Depending on who you ask, or their state of inebriation, there are as many varieties of answers as strains of medical bud in California. It's the number of active chemicals in marijuana. It's teatime in Holland. It has something to do with Hitler's birthday. It's those numbers in that Bob Dylan song multiplied.

The origin of the term 420, celebrated around the world by pot smokers every April 20th, has long been obscured by the clouded memories of the folks who made it a phenomenon.

The Huffington Post chased the term back to its roots and was able to find it in a lost patch of cannabis in a Point Reyes, California forest. Just as interesting as its origin, it turns out, is how it spread.
Story continues below

It starts with the Dead.

It was Christmas week in Oakland, 1990. Steven Bloom was wandering through The Lot - that timeless gathering of hippies that springs up in the parking lot before every Grateful Dead concert - when a Deadhead handed him a yellow flyer.

"We are going to meet at 4:20 on 4/20 for 420-ing in Marin County at the Bolinas Ridge sunset spot on Mt. Tamalpais," reads the message, which Bloom dug up and forwarded to the Huffington Post. Bloom, then a reporter for High Times magazine and now the publisher of CelebStoner.com and co-author of Pot Culture, had never heard of "420-ing" before.

The flyer came complete with a 420 back story: "420 started somewhere in San Rafael, California in the late '70s. It started as the police code for Marijuana Smoking in Progress. After local heads heard of the police call, they started using the expression 420 when referring to herb - Let's Go 420, dude!"

Bloom reported his find in the May 1991 issue of High Times, which the magazine found in its archives and provided to the Huffington Post. The story, though, was only partially right.

It had nothing to do with a police code -- though the San Rafael part was dead on. Indeed, a group of five San Rafael High School friends known as the Waldos - by virtue of their chosen hang-out spot, a wall outside the school - coined the term in 1971. The Huffington Post spoke with Waldo Steve, Waldo Dave and Dave's older brother, Patrick, and confirmed their full names and identities, which they asked to keep secret for professional reasons. (Pot is still, after all, illegal.)

The Waldos never envisioned that pot smokers the world over would celebrate each April 20th as a result of their foray into the Point Reyes forest. The day has managed to become something of a national holiday in the face of official condemnation. This year's celebration will be no different. Officials at the University of Colorado at Boulder and University of California, Santa Cruz, which boast two of the biggest smoke outs, are pushing back. "As another April 20 approaches, we are faced with concerns from students, parents, alumni, Regents, and community members about a repeat of last year's 4/20 'event,'" wrote Boulder's chancellor in a letter to students. "On April 20, 2009, we hope that you will choose not to participate in unlawful activity that debases the reputation of your University and degree, and will encourage your fellow Buffs to act with pride and remember who they really are."

But the Cheshire cat is out of the bag. Students and locals will show up at round four, light up at 4:20 and be gone shortly thereafter. No bands, no speakers, no chants. Just a bunch of people getting together and getting stoned.

The code often creeps into popular culture and mainstream settings. All of the clocks in Pulp Fiction, for instance, are set to 4:20. In 2003, when the California legislature codified the medical marijuana law voters had approved, the bill was named SB420.

"We think it was a staffer working for [lead Assembly sponsor Mark] Leno, but no one has ever fessed up," says Steph Sherer, head of Americans for Safe Access, which lobbied on behalf of the bill. California legislative staffers spoken to for this story say that the 420 designation remains a mystery, but that both Leno and the lead Senate sponsor, John Vasconcellos, are hip enough that they must have known what it meant. (If you were involved with SB420 and know the story, email me.)

The code pops up in Craig's List postings when fellow smokers search for "420 friendly" roommates. "It's just a vaguer way of saying it and it kind of makes it kind of cool," says Bloom. "Like, you know you're in the know, but that does show you how it's in the mainstream."

The Waldos do have proof, however, that they used the term in the early '70s in the form of an old 420 flag and numerous letters with 420 references and early '70s post marks. They also have a story.

It goes like this: One day in the Fall of 1971 - harvest time - the Waldos got word of a Coast Guard service member who could no longer tend his plot of marijuana plants near the Point Reyes Peninsula Coast Guard station. A treasure map in hand, the Waldos decided to pluck some of this free bud.

The Waldos were all athletes and agreed to meet at the statue of Loius Pasteur outside the school at 4:20, after practice, to begin the hunt.

"We would remind each other in the hallways we were supposed to meet up at 4:20. It originally started out 4:20-Louis and we eventually dropped the Louis," Waldo Steve tells the Huffington Post.

The first forays out were unsuccessful, but the group kept looking for the hidden crop. "We'd meet at 4:20 and get in my old '66 Chevy Impala and, of course, we'd smoke instantly and smoke all the way out to Pt. Reyes and smoke the entire time we were out there. We did it week after week," says Steve. "We never actually found the patch."

But they did find a useful codeword. "I could say to one of my friends, I'd go, 420, and it was telepathic. He would know if I was saying, 'Hey, do you wanna go smoke some?' Or, 'Do you have any?' Or, 'Are you stoned right now?' It was kind of telepathic just from the way you said it," Steve says. "Our teachers didn't know what we were talking about. Our parents didn't know what we were talking about."

It's one thing to identify the origin of the term. Indeed, Wikipedia and Urban Dictionary already include references to the Waldos. The bigger question: How did 420 spread from a circle of California stoners across the globe?

As fortune would have it, the collapse of San Francisco's hippie utopia in the late '60s set the stage. As speed freaks, thugs and con artists took over The Haight, the Grateful Dead picked up and moved to the Marin County hills - just blocks from San Rafael High School.

"Marin Country was kind of ground zero for the counter culture," says Steve.

The Waldos had more than just a geographic connection to the Dead. Mark Waldo's father took care of real estate for the Dead. And Waldo Dave's older brother, Patrick, managed a Dead sideband and was good friends with bassist Phil Lesh. Patrick tells the Huffington Post that he smoked with Lesh on numerous occasions. He couldn't recall if he used the term 420 around him, but guessed that he must have.

The Dead, recalls Waldo Steve, "had this rehearsal hall on Front Street, San Rafael, California, and they used to practice there. So we used to go hang out and listen to them play music and get high while they're practicing for gigs. But I think it's possible my brother Patrick might have spread it through Phil Lesh. And me, too, because I was hanging out with Lesh and his band when they were doing a summer tour my brother was managing."

The band that Patrick managed was called Too Loose To Truck and featured not only Lesh but rock legend David Crosby and acclaimed guitarist Terry Haggerty.

The Waldos also had open access to Dead parties and rehearsals. "We'd go with [Mark's] dad, who was a hip dad from the '60s," says Steve. "There was a place called Winterland and we'd always be backstage running around or onstage and, of course, we're using those phrases. When somebody passes a joint or something, 'Hey, 420.' So it started spreading through that community."

Lesh, walking off the stage after a recent Dead concert, confirmed that Patrick is a friend and said he "wouldn't be surprised" if the Waldos had coined 420. He wasn't sure, he said, when the first time he heard it was. "I do not remember. I'm very sorry. I wish I could help," he said.

Wavy-Gravy is a hippie icon with his own ice cream flavor and has been hanging out with the Dead for decades. HuffPost spotted him outside the concert. Asked about the origin of 420, he suggested it began "somewhere in the foggy mists of time. What time is it now? I say to you: eternity now."

As the Grateful Dead toured the globe through the '70s and '80s, playing hundreds of shows a year - the term spread though the Dead underground. Once High Times got hip to it, the magazine helped take it global.

"I started incorporating it into everything we were doing," High Times editor Steve Hager told the Huffington Post. "I started doing all these big events - the World Hemp Expo Extravaganza and the Cannabis Cup - and we built everything around 420. The publicity that High Times gave it is what made it an international thing. Until then, it was relatively confined to the Grateful Dead subculture. But we blew it out into an international phenomenon."

Sometime in the early '90s, High Times wisely purchased the web domain 420.com.

Bloom, the reporter who first stumbled on it, gives High Times less credit. "We posted that flyer and then we started to see little references to it. It wasn't really much of High Times doing," he says. "We weren't really pushing it that hard, just kind of referencing the phrase."

The Waldos say that within a few years the term had spread throughout San Rafael and was cropping up elsewhere in the state. By the early '90s, it had penetrated deep enough that Dave and Steve started hearing people use it in unexpected places - Ohio, Florida, Canada - and spotted it painted on signs and etched into park benches.

In 1997, the Waldos decided to set the record straight and got in touch with High Times.

"They said, 'The fact is, there is no 420 [police] code in California. You guys ever look it up?'" Blooms recalls. He had to admit that no, he had never looked it up. Hager flew out to San Rafael, met the Waldos, examined their evidence, spoke with others in town, and concluded they were telling the truth.

Hager still believes them. "No one's ever been able to come up with any use of 420 that predates the 1971 usage, which they had established. So unless somebody can come up with something that predates them, then I don't think anybody's going to get credit for it other than them," he says.

"We never made a dime on the thing," says Dave, half boasting, half lamenting.

He does take pride in his role, though. "I still have a lot of friends who tell their friends that they know one of the guys that started the 420 thing. So it's kind of like a cult celebrity thing. Two years ago I went to the Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam. High Times magazine flew me out," says Dave.

Dave is now a credit analyst and works for Steve, who owns a specialty lending institution and lost money to the con artist Bernie Madoff. He spends more time today, he says, composing angry letters to the SEC than he does getting high.

The other three Waldos have also been successful, Steve says. One is head of marketing for a Napa Valley winery. Another is in printing and graphics. A third works for a roofing and gutter company. "He's like, head of their gutter division," says Steve, who keeps in close touch with them all.

"I've got to run a business. I've got to stay sharp," says Steve, explaining why he rarely smokes pot anymore. "Seems like everybody I know who smokes daily, or many times in a week, it seems like there's always something going wrong with their life, professionally, or in their relationships, or financially or something. It's a lot of fun, but it seems like if someone does it too much, there's some karmic cost to it."

"I never endorsed the use of marijuana. But hey, it worked for me," says Waldo Dave. "I'm sure on my headstone it'll say: 'One of the 420 guys.'"

San Diego criminal defense lawyers love it when clients tell that story.

If you have been arrested or cited for a DUI or drunk driving offense that occurred in the San Diego area, you need the best San Diego DUI attorney available to defend your San Diego drunk driving case.
If you need to save your driver's license or privileges, your attorney has only ten (10) calendar days to contact DMV!





All a DMV attorney has to do is knock out one (1) DMV issue to save your license & you avoid any reissue fee and/or Proof of Insurance SR-22 filing!




A

Superb-rated

San Diego DUI criminal defense attorney will provide the most thorough investigation and professional handling of your case from start to finish. With a goal to protect your legal rights and reduce penalties to the minimum, you San Diego DUI criminal defense lawyer will keep you advised every step of the way.



In order to properly defend your San Diego DUI case and give you the best chance to get back to your life, it is important to seek San Diego DUI legal representation immediately.



Retaining top San Diego drunk driving legal representation will ensure any necessary bail posting as soon as possible to reduce initial San Diego jail time.



The best San Diego DUI defense attorney will investigate all San Diego drunk driving arrests to ensure that the client’s legal rights were preserved and the San Diego county police officer following proper San Diego procedure.



If your San Diego DUI criminal lawyer identifies an illegal action or misconduct by the San Diego police officer, it could be grounds for San Diego DUI case dismissal.



However, if all proper San Diego procedures were followed - an unlikely event - your San Diego DUI attorney will nonetheless defend your San Diego drunk driving case to the most professional extent.



A first San Diego DUI / drunk driving offense is the best opportunity for your San Diego DUI defense lawyer to vigorously defend and to request a reduced San Diego DUI sentencing.



A premier San Diego DUI attorney will be one with over 25 years of experience and expertise in San Diego California drunk driving cases. Excellent San Diego court outcomes and satisfied clients will also be illustrative of the talent of your San Diego DUI / drunk driving criminal attorney.



On August 1, 2009, Rick lectured at the

Annual DUI Seminar

in connection with the American Bar Association at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. San Diego California Criminal Defense Attorney Rick Mueller spoke at the prestigious California Attorneys For Criminal Justice

A Day in the Desert with the DUI Experts - Annual DUI seminar

. The California criminal defense lawyers who attended informed the President of the California DUI Lawyers Association that San Diego California DUI criminal defense attorney Rick Mueller was excellent.


San Diego DUI law firms provide free initial consultation to learn more about your case. To find the best San Diego DUI criminal defense lawyer, visit

the most informative DUI website

.


You can read more -Why use San Diego County's Specialist in DUI and DMV Law now

.


Try a Free California DUI Evaluation

at this online DUI consultation site

.

San Diego DUI criminal defense lawyers watch trends in the "drug of choice" among the partying youth of America. There's been a number of different drugs introduced into California which challenge the skills of criminal defense attorneys in San Diego.

Cocaine appears to be fashionable again not just in the United States but also among richer people in Australia and other countries, according to some San Diego DUI attorney blogs. This twit shows the major problem if you have too much blow on you.

Girlicious star Natalie Nicole Mejiahas pleaded not guilty in California to possession of cocaine with the intent to sell.

Glendale police say they arrested the 21-year-old Diamond Bar singer just over a month ago when more than 12 bags of cocaine in her Gucci purse by police during a stop.

The "drugs weren't hers, and she didn't know how it got in her purse." The beauty is free on $30,000 bail.

San Diego DUI criminal defense lawyers elaborate on DMV hearings. They're mini-DUI trials without a jury, challenging to the novice attorney because of odd San Diego DMV laws and San diego DMV procedures. The San Diego DUI / DMV hearing is presided over by a Driver Safety Officer (DMV hearing officer) rather than a real judge, an employee of the DMV not trained in law who acts as both prosecutor and judge. As unfair as it is, she or he can legally object to your evidence, rule on her or his own objection, dually engage your San Diego DUI / DMV lawyer, and admit or not admit either party's evidence.



The San Diego Driver Safety Officer offers evidence in the form of documents and/or witnesses. The Driver Safety Officer offers the San Diego drunk driving / DUI police report, DMV records, San Diego DUI alcohol reports and the important San Diego DUI officer's sworn statement entitled a "DS 367." With no Fifth Amendment right at the hearing, your San Diego DUI / DMV attorney usually will not want you to be present at the hearing since the Driver Safety Officer can call you as a witness and force you to testify against yourself if you ill-advisedly appear.



The San Diego DMV Driver Safety Officer's decision will usually be mailed a few days or even weeks after the hearing. A San Diego DMV / DMV suspension can be set aside or sustained. If the San Diego DMV suspension is sustained, the decision can be appealed to the DMV in Sacramento and/or to the San Diego Superior court by filing a San Diego DMV petition for writ of mandamus.




A San Diego DUI lawyer's defenses at an APS hearing are specialized and technical, more so than in criminal court. Frequent San Diego DUI / DMV proof problems - as well as legal, procedural and bureaucratic obstacles - are possible grounds for setting aside the suspension.




Because of the peculiar nature of San Diego DUI / DMV hearings and the absence of an independent San Diego DUI judge to offer some protection, you are strongly advised not to try to represent yourself. Because these are not San Diego DUI criminal proceedings, San Diego County public defenders are unavailable.




Your San Diego DUI / DMV attorney has just 10 CALENDAR DAYS after the DUI arrest to call the San Diego DMV Driver Safety Office to timely demand a hearing. You waive your right to a hearing after the 10 day deadline is up.



If your San Diego DUI / DMV attorney has not been retained within 10 days of the arrest, you should contact the local Driver's Safety Office yourself, request a 5 day extension so you can get a San Diego DUI / DMV Attorney Specialist.




Alternatively, if your request for an extension is denied by the San Diego DMV supervisor, request an In-person hearing, the Discovery (evidence), a Stay (stop) of the Suspension, and the Name of the Driver Safety Officer.




Please ask for the name of the person you speak with. Please do not discuss the reasons why you are contesting the suspension. The San Diego Driver Safety Office is located at 9174 Sky Park Avenue, Suite 200, San Diego (858/627-3901 or fax 858/627-3925).




The San Diego DMV may not be able to schedule a hearing before your 30-day temporary license expires. Your San Diego DUI / DMV lawyer will request a Notice of Stay of the 30-day temporary license until a San Diego DMV hearing is provided and a San Diego DMV decision is actually rendered.







Looking for a Lawyer? On August 1, 2009, Rick lectured at the

Annual DUI Seminar

in connection with the American Bar Association at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. San Diego California Criminal Defense Attorney Rick Mueller spoke at the prestigious California Attorneys For Criminal Justice

A Day in the Desert with the DUI Experts - Annual DUI seminar

. The California criminal defense lawyers who attended indicated to the President of the California DUI Lawyers Association that San Diego California DUI criminal defense lawyer Rick Mueller's presentation and materials were excellent.

Video of San Diego DUI / DMV Attorney

San Diego DUI Defense Lawyer Rick Mueller's latest successes for March 2010 have just been press released, twitted and blogged.

San Diego California DUI Criminal Attorney Rick Mueller recently successfully avoided both DUI and Driving with .08% BAC (or more) convictions under California Vehicle Code Section 23152 (a) and (b), as part of the following partial list of victories in San Diego county DUI / drunk driving cases:

# Expired Registration tag causes San Diego county CHP DUI officer to stop IT expert / citizen of another country. All four Objective DUI Symptoms noticed. Unsatisfactory Field Sobriety Tests leading to belief intoxicated (but, of course, no DUI videotape). Not very cooperative. Says had "nothing" to drink but .08% Blood Test. San Diego county Sheriff's Department delays testing a number of days after draw. Insufficient sodium fluoride preservative. No citizen removal/exclusion from U.S.

# Attempting to avoid an animal on a sharp, wet curve, driver successfully maneuvers but swerving results in a "rollover collision." DUI cop make San Diego arrest after smelling alcoholic beverage and seeing signs of intoxication including red, watery eyes, unsteady gait and slurred speech. Fails DUI Field Sobriety Tests. .110 & .115% Preliminary Alcohol Screening Tests. .11% and .10% Intoximeters Inc. EC/IR breath tests. All San Diego DUI tests contested by attorney. Witnesses corroborate drinking pattern. Student spared DUI conviction - helpful for bright future.

# Military person with no front license plate and no California license avoids severe military penalties by getting DUI charges dismissed after blowing .104%/.099% PAS results & .09%/.08% DUI breath test results in post-absorptive phase at San Diego County police station and failing to properly perform DUI field acrobatics given in Imperial Beach while manifesting distinctive signs of DUI impairment.

# Acid reflux patient driving without headlights. Slurred speech, unsteady gait, bloodshot/watery eyes, odor of alcohol and inadequate performance on FST's prompts .100% PAS then busted. But only 17 minutes to drive from location of arrest to location of breath tests (.11/.11%) without first conducting a proper 15 minute continuous observation.

# Speeder with prior DUI conviction and passenger "more" intoxicated than driver stopped after jerking car & striking curb with tires. Odor. Poor Gait. "Substandard performance" on Field Tests. PAS .095/.098%. Blood Test .09%.

10. If you need to save your driver's license or privileges, your San Diego DUI defense attorney has only ten (10) calendar days to contact DMV!



9. The ten (10) day time limit is computed from the Issue date of the SUSPENSION/REVOCATION ORDER AND TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE. If time is running out or you are late, contact a San Diego DUI defense lawyer today.



8. This ADMINISTRATIVE PER SE SUSPENSION/REVOCATION ORDER AND TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE is the California DMV paper which you should have received.



7. Even if you did not receive this DMV paper, the California DMV will probably take action against your driving privileges.



6. Even if you have a license from another state, and even if the officer did not take your license, that state may also take action against your driving privileges.



5. This TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE ENDORSEMENT is valid for only thirty (30) days from the issue date.



If a DMV hearing is requested within ten (10) days, your DMV TEMPORARY will be extended & there will be a stay (delay) of any suspension until the outcome of your DMV hearing is determined.



4. Do not confuse this initial 30 day TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE with your court date!

The DMV and criminal proceedings are separate and independent. The outcome of one almost never affects the other. Sometimes the officer or the DMV paper confuses or misleads you to believe that the TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE is good "until the court date". If there are approximately thirty (30) days from your arrest date to your court date, this may just be a dangerous coincidence. There usually are months before your DMV hearing takes place.



3. There are three (3) issues at the hearing if you completed a chemical test. (See reverse side of DMV paper.)



Issues are whether the officer had probable cause to stop or contact you or whether the chemical test evidence is beatable.



2. The DMV has the burden of proof to prevail on all three (3) issues. If DMV meets the burden of proof on two (2) issues, you win!



1. All a DMV attorney has to do is knock out one (1) DMV issue to save your license & you avoid any reissue fee and/or Proof of Insurance SR-22 filing!







Do not schedule yourself. If you contact DMV to schedule a date conflicting with your attorney's calendar, DMV will not reschedule and you may not get the attorney of your choice. There is no rush as long as your attorney contacts DMV by the 10th day from your arrest.




Click on below sites for more information or to contact a San Diego DUI Lawyer who can help:

Video of San Diego DUI / DMV Attorney

San Diego DUI criminal defense attorneys warn jurors how unreliable eye testing is. Well, here's more scientific and legal authority to support that position. The key Illinois Supreme Court ruling recently provided ammunition for defense lawyers in other states seeking to challenge police testimony about an eye test widely used in Drunk Driving arrests. State v. McKown that the horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test is admissible for the purpose of proving that a defendant may have consumed alcohol.

But the court also held that admitting an officer’s testimony regarding HGN testing was reversible error because the test was not performed in compliance with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s protocol.

“Admission of [the officer's] testimony regarding the HGN test he performed in the absence of a proper foundation was error,” the court said.

Don Ramsell, a veteran DUI defense lawyer in Wheaton, Ill., who argued the case, called the ruling “very significant.”

“It institutes a very rigid and specific protocol for the test, namely the NHTSA protocol only, and that’s a big foundational movement that many states don’t have in place presently,” he said.

HGN testing is used by police in about 40 states as part of field-sobriety testing. It basically involves holding up a stationery object such as a finger or pen and seeing if the driver can follow it smoothly with his or her eyes.

Failing the test indicates alcohol impairment.

Inadequate training

According to Ronald Henson, a retired police officer and instructor on field-sobriety testing in Illinois, many officers don’t receive sufficient training to conduct the test properly.

For example, while NHTSA recommends a 24-hour course in field-sobriety testing, Illinois devotes only one hour to HGN.

Based on his review of videotapes of actual Illinois arrests in the McKown case, Henson testified that only one in 100 field HGN tests properly administered. Ramsell agreed: “[The police] take shortcuts, they don’t move their fingers the right way, they misinterpret things. If you try to bring out the NHTSA book to cross-examine them, they will say, ‘I was trained a different way in my academy.’”

The Illinois ruling means that police departments in that state “will have to change the training because right now a great majority of the police officers in Illinois are no longer qualified to administer the test,” Ramsell said.

“The reality is that … the value of the test was literally completely gutted by the opinion,” he added.

The decision could inspire similar challenges in other states, Ramsell predicted.

Challenge in Kansas

Criminal defense lawyer Jay Norton, a partner at Norton Hare in Overland Park, Kan., is handling a case in which prosecutors are trying to change the rules on the admissibility of HGN testing.

Kansas is one of the few states where HGN test results are currently inadmissible.

A Frye hearing is scheduled for April 26 on the admissibility of an HGN test in the DUI arrest of a 19-year-old client.

Norton said he intends to argue against both the test itself and the way it is administered by police.

“The fact of the matter is it’s not really good science, and certainly not for law enforcement purposes,” he asserted. “It’s one thing for ophthalmologists or optometrists to be conducting this test in their offices, but it’s a whole other thing for officers to be doing this test on the side of the road in the middle of the night.

“Basically, with zero training and zero demonstration of proficiency, people hit the road and give this scientific test and testify with this air of authority, when there’s 49 possible causes for horizontal gaze nystagmus,” Norton charged.

San Diego DUI criminal defense attorneys who represent real folks not "stars" found this unfortunate story interesting. Reality TV star David "Puck" Rainey has been arrested on suspicion of San Diego DUI after being seriously injured in a car crash with his eight year old son on a rural San Diego County road.

The bad boy bike messenger featured on the San Francisco-set third season of MTV's "The Real World" was drunk Saturday night when he veered off the road in Descanso, east of San Diego, and rolled down an embankment.

Rainey was pinned in the Ford hatchback, but his son, Bogart, freed himself from the vehicle and flagged down a passing motorist, San Diego DUI criminal defense lawyers learned.

The pair were flown to University of California, San Diego Medical Center, where Rainey was found to have sustained serious injuries.

Rainey's manager, Michael Martin, said Bogart was released to his mother and Rainey's wife, Betty, Wednesday while Rainey remained in the hospital to undergo several surgeries.
Rainey will be charged with DUSI, child endangerment and driving without a license.

San Diego DUI criminal defense attorneys are often asked about getting a DUI or drunk driving off one's record.

If you are convicted of a misdemeanor, after conclusion of probation, you may petition the court to grant dismissal of the accusatory pleading pursuant to Penal Code section 1203.4.

As long as you have fully complied with and performed any sentence of the court, you are not then serving a sentence for any offense, you are not then on probation for any offense, and you are not then charged with committing any offense, you are eligible for relief.

Relief includes the set aside of an plea of guilty or no contest, and any verdict; a plea of Not Guilty is entered and the accusatory pleading is dismissed.

Upon granting the relief, the defendant is released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the conviction of the offense, except as indicated below:

The order granting relief does not relieve the defendant of the obligation to disclose the conviction in response to any direct question contained in any questionnaire or application for public offense, for licensure by any state or local agency, or for contracting with the California State Lottery.

The order does not permit the defendant to own, possess, or have custody or control of any firearm capable of being concealed upon the person, and it does not prevent conviction of the defendant under Penal Code section 12021.

The relief granted by PC 1203.4 does not seal, destroy or remove any entries from the court, law enforcement or Department of Justice records, but is a dismissal of the charges and convictions. Upon the granting of the petition, a notation will be entered on the record that the relief was granted pursuant to this statute. The Department of Motor Vehicles shall still consider the conviction for purposes of revocation or suspension of the driving privilege pursuant to Vehicle Code section 13555.

If you get a DUI over the ten year period (under present law) following any conviction, a dismissed misdemeanor conviction for DUI may still be used against you to enhance penalties or increase punishment by court or DMV.

As far as answering any question by any prospective employer, please always first contact your attorney and give him the exact wording of the question before you answer it. I can always be contacted to assist with this, if necessary.

San Diego DUI criminal defense attorneys stand out on DMV issues. The San Diego DUI criminal defense lawyer likes to tell drivers to start here:

10. If you need to save your driver's license or privileges, your attorney has only ten (10) calendar days to contact DMV!



Do not schedule yourself. If you contact DMV to schedule a date conflicting with your attorney's calendar, DMV will not reschedule and you may not get the attorney of your choice. There is no rush as long as your attorney contacts DMV by the 10th day from your arrest.



9. The ten (10) day time limit is computed from the Issue date of the SUSPENSION/REVOCATION ORDER AND TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE. If time is running out or you are late, contact an attorney ASAP.



8. This ADMINISTRATIVE PER SE SUSPENSION/REVOCATION ORDER AND TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE is the California DMV paper which you should have received.



7. Even if you did not receive this DMV paper, the California DMV will probably take action against your driving privileges.



6. Even if you have a license from another state, and even if the officer did not take your license, that state may also take action against your driving privileges.



5. This TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE ENDORSEMENT is valid for only thirty (30) days from the issue date.



If a DMV hearing is requested within ten (10) days, your DMV TEMPORARY will be extended & there will be a stay (delay) of any suspension until the outcome of your DMV hearing is determined.



4. Do not confuse this initial 30 day TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE with your court date!

The DMV and criminal proceedings are separate and independent. The outcome of one almost never affects the other. Sometimes the officer or the DMV paper confuses or misleads you to believe that the TEMPORARY DRIVER LICENSE is good "until the court date". If there are approximately thirty (30) days from your arrest date to your court date, this may just be a dangerous coincidence. There usually are months before your DMV hearing takes place.



3. There are three (3) issues at the hearing if you completed a chemical test. (See reverse side of DMV paper.)



Issues are whether the officer had probable cause to stop or contact you or whether the chemical test evidence is beatable.



2. The DMV has the burden of proof to prevail on all three (3) issues. If DMV meets the burden of proof on two (2) issues, you win!



1. All a DMV attorney has to do is knock out one (1) DMV issue to save your license & you avoid any reissue fee and/or Proof of Insurance SR-22 filing!

Looking for a Superb-rated DUI Lawyer in San Diego California? On August 1, 2009, Rick lectured at the

Annual DUI Seminar

in connection with the American Bar Association at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles.

San Diego DUI defense attorneys will tell you that you just have only 10 CALENDAR DAYS after the DUI arrest to call the San Diego DMV Driver Safety Office to timely demand a hearing. You waive your right to a hearing after the 10 day deadline is up.

A San Diego DUI lawyer's defenses at an APS hearing are specialized and technical. Likely San Diego DUI / DMV proof problems - as well as legal, procedural and bureaucratic obstacles - are grounds for setting aside the suspension.
San Diego DMV hearing for a license suspension is like a mini-DUI trial, but with much different San Diego DMV rules, San Diego DMV laws and San Diego DMV procedures. The San Diego DUI / DMV hearing is presided over by a Driver Safety Officer (DMV hearing officer) rather than a real judge, an employee of the DMV not trained in law who acts as both prosecutor and judge. As unfair as it is, she or he can legally object to your evidence, rule on her or his own objection, dually engage your San Diego DUI / DMV lawyer, and admit or not admit either party's evidence.
The San Diego Driver Safety Officer offers evidence in the form of documents and/or witnesses. The Driver Safety Officer offers the San Diego drunk driving / DUI police report, DMV records, San Diego DUI alcohol reports and the important San Diego DUI officer's sworn statement entitled a "DS 367." With no Fifth Amendment right at the hearing, your San Diego DUI / DMV attorney usually will not want you to be present at the hearing since the Driver Safety Officer can call you as a witness and force you to testify against yourself if you ill-advisedly appear.

San Diego Driver Safety Office is located at 9174 Sky Park Avenue, Suite 200, San Diego (858/627-3901 or fax 858/627-3925).



The San Diego DMV may not be able to schedule a hearing before your 30-day temporary license expires. Your San Diego DUI / DMV lawyer will request a Notice of Stay of the 30-day temporary license until a San Diego DMV hearing is provided and a San Diego DMV decision is actually rendered.
The San Diego DMV Driver Safety Officer's decision will usually be mailed a few days or even weeks after the hearing. A San Diego DMV / DMV suspension can be set aside or sustained. If the San Diego DMV suspension is sustained, the decision can be appealed to the DMV in Sacramento and/or to the San Diego Superior court by filing a San Diego DMV petition for writ of mandamus.
San Diego California Criminal Defense Attorney Rick Mueller spoke at the prestigious California Attorneys For Criminal Justice

A Day in the Desert with the DUI Experts - Annual DUI seminar

. The California criminal defense lawyers who attended indicated to the President of the California DUI Lawyers Association that San Diego California DUI criminal defense lawyer Rick Mueller's presentation and materials were excellent.

Video of San Diego DUI / DMV Attorney

600 pages of materials are sampled here, presented at a San Diego DUI criminal defense attorney seminar:

Many are DUI defense lawyer Points and Authorities (P’s & A’s)for San Diego DMV.

California DMV Driver Safety Manual pp.12.53-12.54 – Insufficient Evidence to Support (Drunk) Driving

p. 12.48 Additional Findings: Chemical test within 3 hrs. of driving / presumption

Driver Safety Manual p. 12.58 – Insufficient Evidence to Support Intoxication

Driver Safety Manual pp.12.55-12.56–Objective Symptoms not from Intoxication

OBJECTION TO UNSWORN REPORT [Glatman v. Valverde, California Evidence Code section 1280], attaching DMV’s Decision - reasonable to rely on report if made within 24 hours of incident vs. “Danger of Inaccuracy by Lapse of Memory” (> 1 day old)

Glatman Hearsay and Foundational Objections to DUI Report

Government Code (Hearsay not sufficient to support DUI-related finding unless Admissible)

P’s & A’s “Improper Cut & Paste” (of report’s PC prepared “1 day” after DS 367)

Manning v. DMV (Report disclosed patent physical impossibility.
Report must reflect some relationship with the physical world we know.)

Santos v. DMV (DMV failed to rebut evidence that test failed to prove BAC at time of driving was .08%.

No test time evidence w/in 3 hrs. of driving.)

Top 14 San Diego DUI criminal defense attorney search terms to be googled, twitted or blogged:

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Headache-free San Diego DUI help for San Diego DUI court and San Diego DMV. San Diego DUI Attorney Rick Mueller is a Top-Rated San Diego Drunk Driving Lawyer, San Diego DUI & DMV Defense Attorney with over 25 years of experience. Known as a California DUI - DMV Guru, San Diego DUI Lawyer Rick Mueller dedicates 100% of his San Diego DUI law practice to aggressively defending those accused of San Diego Driving Under the Influence.

Rick recently lectured at the

Annual DUI Seminar

in connection with the American Bar Association at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. San Diego California Criminal Defense Attorney Rick Mueller also spoke at the prestigious California Attorneys For Criminal Justice

A Day in the Desert with the DUI Experts - Annual DUI seminar

.

Simply complete

Free Survey

for your best San Diego DUI defense attorney strategy and to vigorously protect your important driving privilege, as has been done for many good people who necessarily become Clients.

Anyone arrested for a San Diego DUI charge need to post bail these days but not before. Until last year, if a first-time DUI offender was hauled into jail, he would simply be held until he sobered up and then released with a court appearance date.

Now first-time San Diego DUI /drunk driving offenders must post bail in the amount of $2,500.

That new rule is part of this year’s bail schedule for San Diego County. Each year, local judges gather to assess bail bond fees.

Today’s bail schedule reads like a menu for various offenses: possession of drugs runs $5,000; a misdemeanor domestic violence charge is $10,000. “So, let’s say someone gets in a fight with his wife and the wife calls 9-1-1,” says Junior of one Bail Bonds Co. “The police pick up the guy driving a stolen car and there are drugs in the car. That’s three offense with a total bail of $25,000.”
In most cases, a family member of the person in custody becomes the co-signer for the total amount of the bail. King Stahlman Bail Bonds has financial criteria that must be met before they’ll finance bail. “We’re just like a bank that lends money,” Junior says.

The younger Stahlman says the target market for bail bonds is broad: “It’s 18 to 80 and it covers everything. San Diego DUI / Drunk driving, domestic violence, theft, drugs – anything and everything.”

Complete the important Free San Diego County Drunk Driving Defense Survey

at this online DUI consultation site

to find out your best resource for assistance.
San Diego California DUI Lawyer information provided by a top San Diego California Drunk Driving Attorney for those accused of a San Diego California DUI.



Trouble-free San Diego California DUI help for San Diego California DUI court and San Diego California DMV. Complete San Diego California DUI Help to save your California license.
San Diego DUI Attorney Rick Mueller is a Premier San Diego California Drunk Driving Lawyer, San Diego California DUI & San Diego California DMV Defense Attorney with over 25 years of experience. Known as the San Diego California DUI - DMV Guru, San Diego California DUI Lawyer Rick Mueller dedicates 100% of his San Diego DUI law practice to aggressively defending those accused of San Diego Driving Under the Influence.

On August 1, 2009, Rick lectured at the

Annual DUI Seminar

in connection with the American Bar Association at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. San Diego California Criminal Defense Attorney Rick Mueller spoke at the prestigious California Attorneys For Criminal Justice

A Day in the Desert with the DUI Experts - Annual DUI seminar

. The California criminal defense lawyers who attended indicated to the President of the California DUI Lawyers Association that San Diego California DUI criminal defense lawyer Rick Mueller's presentation and materials were excellent.


Look mom, a video!

Video of San Diego DUI / DMV Attorney

Talk about a tough plea in a tough San Diego court. And it's not even drunk driving or a San Diego DUI. Defense lawyers and Criminal attorneys look at this with wonder.

Here's how one college paper talked about it:

The mother who allegedly allowed a nice size party of teens get drunk at her home last summer has pleaded guilty to violating the county's social host ordinance. Deborah Gibney, 47, was sentenced Feb. 9 to three years' probation, a $300 fine, parenting classes and a Mothers Against Drunk Driving victim impact class.

She had faced up to six months in jail and a $1,000 fine under the county law that requires adult hosts to make sure no minors are drinking at their home. Under the ordinance, adults who know or "reasonably should have known" about underage drinking can be prosecuted for a misdemeanor violation.

Gibney is one of only four people ever charged under the 6-year-old county ordinance. Eacret said MADD and parenting classes are not specified in the county ordinance, but he thought they were suitable consequences for Gibney's violation.

Lt. Phil Brust, who heads the Fallbrook Sheriff's Substation, said he was pleased with the case's outcome.

"We're hopeful that this will cause people to think twice before they plan on having a party with juveniles where there will be alcohol present," Brust said.

Gibney also had faced a misdemeanor charge of obstructing a peace officer after authorities said she refused to cooperate with deputies at Fallbrook Hospital, where she took an extremely drunk 17-year-old girl from her house.

That charge was dismissed in return for Gibney's plea to the social host violation, Eacret said.

The case stemmed from a June 10 party at Gibney's sprawling Greenacres Road property. Brust said deputies who responded there in the wee hours found abundant teen drinking and about a dozen kids so drunk they were vomiting. Authorities were alerted to the gathering when Gibney brought the sick, intoxicated teen to the hospital.

Gibney, who could not be reached Tuesday, said in the past she intended the party as a small, alcohol-free, end-of-the year gathering for her three teens and their friends from Cathedral Catholic High School in Carmel Valley.

She said the party got out of hand and overwhelmed her when booze-toting crashers swelled the crowd to more than 100, with kids drinking outside on the 95-acre property. She said she didn't call authorities, but tried to handle the situation herself.

A second Fallbrook mother is awaiting trial under the social host ordinance for allegedly failing to prevent a 19-year-old from drinking at her house.

Prosecutors say Sheri Lee Windbigler, 45, allowed Sean Walker Jordan to drink at her house on Dec. 20. Shortly afterward, the Fallbrook High graduate died in an alcohol-related crash.

Windbigler has said she confiscated rum from Jordan after he showed up with the liquor at her home at 1 a.m. Her son and his friends were not drinking at the home, she said.

She said she made Jordan promise to sleep over before she went to bed. Instead, he left while she slept, Windbigler has said.

Sheriff Bill Gore said in a statement that the Sheriff’s Department and the district attorney's office planned to "aggressively prosecute" future cases under the social host ordinance.

Filed 2/26/10
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
ROBERT ADDISON CISSNA,
Defendant and Appellant.
D053464
(Super. Ct. No. SCD204169)
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Michael D. Wellington, Judge. Reversed.
Charles M. Sevilla, for Defendant and Appellant.
Edmund G. Brown Jr., Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Gary W. Schons, Assistant Attorney General, Jeffrey J. Koch and Gary W. Brozio, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
The right to a trial by jury is guaranteed by the state and federal Constitutions and is a cornerstone of our legal system. We entrust to 12 jurors the solemn task of judging the credibility of witnesses, evaluating the significance of the evidence, and ultimately determining whether a defendant in a criminal trial is guilty.
2
To maintain the integrity of the process, potential jurors are screened for bias through the voir dire process. Those selected take an oath to follow court instructions designed to protect the deliberative process, eliminate outside influences, and generate a decision based solely on the evidence presented at trial. Jurors are told that to ensure both sides receive a fair trial, they are not to discuss the case with anyone and that deliberations must occur only in the jury room.
Here, a juror ignored these admonitions and violated his sworn duties by speaking on a daily basis about the merits of the case with his nonjuror friend. After defendant was found guilty, he learned of this juror misconduct and moved for a new trial. The prosecutor agreed the juror's conduct constituted misconduct and created a presumption of prejudice, but argued the presumption of prejudice had been rebutted. The court ruled the presumption of prejudice had been rebutted and denied the new trial motion. On appeal, defendant challenges this and several other rulings.
We conclude the trial court erred in denying the new trial motion. Because the conversations with the nonjuror were pervasive, focused on deliberative matters concerning the merits of the case, and included discussions of the defendant's decision not to testify, the misconduct was prejudicial. The conversations interfered with the deliberative process and the right to have the case decided by twelve impartial jurors. When even one juror lacks impartiality, the defendant has not received a fair trial. The juror misconduct in this case requires that the judgment be reversed.
For guidance upon retrial, we address two additional contentions of error raised on appeal: one concerning the victim's diary and the other pertaining to the jury unanimity
3
requirement. We hold that if the prosecution introduces excerpts of the diary into evidence, the defense is entitled to examine the entire diary, subject to appropriate protective orders. Also, we reject defendant's contention that Penal Code1 section 288.5, which defines a continuous-course-of-conduct offense, violates his right to a unanimous jury verdict.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
S., the victim in this case, is defendant's granddaughter.2 S. lived with her parents in San Diego County, and defendant lived with his wife (S.'s grandmother) in another county. The relatives frequently visited each other at their respective homes. S., age 16 at the time of trial, testified that defendant molested her during these visits. The molestations started in 1998 when she was seven years old. At her home, the molestations occurred primarily in her bedroom when defendant came upstairs to her room to kiss her goodnight. At defendant's home, the molestations usually occurred when she was on a rollaway bed on the floor in her grandparents' downstairs bedroom. S. also recalled being molested when she was lying between her grandfather and grandmother in their bed, and on one occasion in San Diego County when she was in her bathing suit.
S. testified that during these incidents, defendant typically rubbed her vagina with his hand, and she rubbed his penis with her hand. On some occasions defendant also
1 Subsequent unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2 To preserve privacy, we refer to various persons involved in this case by their first initial.
4
performed oral sex on her vagina. The molestations occurred virtually every night when defendant was visiting at her residence or she was visiting at his residence. S. recalled that on one visit to her grandparents' home when she was about nine or 10 years old, defendant came into the room when she was writing in a journal about the visit. Defendant told her "to make sure that [she] never wrote anything down or told anyone because it was [their] little secret."
S. and her mother recounted two specific incidents that occurred at S.'s house. On one occasion when S. was about eight, she asked her mother if it was "okay" if defendant did not come to her room that evening to say goodnight. S.'s mother, who knew nothing about defendant's conduct, responded that it was important for her grandfather to have his "special time" with her. Defendant then came to her room as usual and molested her. On another occasion when S. was about nine years old, her mother entered her bedroom and unknowingly interrupted the molestation. According to S., defendant was standing by her bed and she was rubbing his penis with "his boxers . . . pulled aside." S. saw "the light of the door opening," and defendant sat down on the bed "really fast." Her mother entered the room, stated it was getting late and S. had to go to bed, and then walked back out. Defendant commented "that was close," and left the room.
During this second incident, S.'s mother recalled that she had been downstairs talking with her husband and mother. Because it seemed that her father had been upstairs for an extended period of time and she wanted S. to go to sleep, she went upstairs and noticed that S.'s bedroom door was closed, which was unusual. When she opened the bedroom door, S. was lying on her bed on her back with no blankets on and defendant
5
was seated on the side of the bed with his head "pointing down at the floor." Defendant did not look at her or initially respond; when she walked over to him and put her hand on his shoulder and stated S. needed to go to bed, he mumbled, "just a minute."
The molestations continued until S. was about 12 years old, when S. realized that her grandfather's conduct was wrong. She asked him to stop, and he complied.
About two years later, in 2005 and early 2006, S. (now age 14) told two of her friends about the molestation. She also kept a diary during this time period, and on April 23, 2006, wrote:
"There is something I really want to say. But I don't know. I've told people. But I've never put it down in writing. But I reall[]y . . . want to get it off my chest. My poppy [defendant] raped me. He started when I was about 9. I don't remember how. He never had intercourse & he never kissed me. But we did everything in between. He scarred me for life. I'm not afraid to admit it. But I'm really afraid I'll end up telling the wrong person & they will tell my mom. Because if she ever finds out, I think it would scar her too. But I think it[']s important for her to know. But not now. but when? how? Life sucks. What can you do?"
In May 2006, S.'s mother read the April 23 entry without S.'s knowledge. Shortly thereafter, she informed S.'s father about this, and the two spoke with S. S. confirmed that the molestation had happened. She told her parents that she had intended to tell them about the molestation after defendant died because she did not want to upset the family.
In addition to testimony from S. and her mother, the prosecution presented testimony from a number of other witnesses, including S.'s father, the friends in whom S. had confided about the molestation, an investigating detective, an expert witness who explained delayed disclosure and other matters, and (in rebuttal) witnesses who attested to S.'s honest character.
6
In defense, several family members and friends, as well as an expert witness, testified on defendant's behalf to support that he did not have the character to molest S. and there were no indications that he had molested S. or any other child. Three of defendant's other grandchildren (a teenage granddaughter, an adult granddaughter, and an adult grandson), who had all spent the night at defendant's home, testified that defendant never touched them inappropriately and they never saw anything suggesting he touched any child inappropriately.
Jury Verdict
Defendant was charged with eight sexual offense counts. Count 1 alleged continuous sexual abuse of a child under age 14 from August 20, 1998, to June 30, 2001. (§ 288.5, subd. (a) [three or more acts over a period of not less than three months]). The remaining counts alleged lewd conduct and oral copulation with a person under age 14 during various time periods between July 2001 through December 2002. The first trial ended in a mistrial after the jury deadlocked on the charges. After a second trial, the jury reached a guilty verdict on count 1. The jury was deadlocked on counts 2 through 8, and the court dismissed these charges. The court sentenced defendant to the lower term of six years for the count 1 section 288.5 conviction.
7
DISCUSSION
I. Juror Misconduct
A. Background
After the jury rendered its guilty verdict, defendant moved for a new trial contending that the conviction must be set aside because of juror misconduct arising from Juror D.'s daily discussions about the case with his friend, G.
Defendant submitted declarations from Juror D. and from G. Juror D. and G. declared that they talked "each day at lunch about the case starting the first day of testimony." Further, every evening (or most evenings) during the trial G. called Juror D. and they talked about the case.3
Juror D. described the content of their discussions as follows. After three to four days of testimony he told G. that he thought defendant "was on a sinking ship." Toward the end of the prosecution's case, G. told Juror D.: " '[W]e're looking for a motive [for S. to falsely accuse defendant], and we can't find a motive yet' . . . ." The two men discussed different motives S. might have, such as the possibility that defendant was rich and was "cutting . . . off" S.'s part of the family or that another granddaughter "maybe [was] getting everything and [S.] was not." During the defense case, Juror D. commented to G. that he did not think defendant was going to testify. In response, G. told Juror D. to consider "OJ" and another high profile defendant who did not testify and who " 'got off the hook' " even though they were guilty. Regarding S.'s testimony, Juror D. told G. that
3 Trial testimony was presented over a period of about four and one-half days, and the jury deliberated for about two days.
8
a portion of her presentation appeared "staged" and that she was looking down during her testimony.
G.'s declaration essentially corroborated Juror D.'s description of their discussions, and included some additional information. G. declared that he told Juror D. that defendant was guilty if S. did not have a motive for falsely accusing him. Further, he told Juror D. that "guilty people do not testify, and if the defendant was not guilty he would testify." G. described several other matters that they discussed relating to witness testimony and evidentiary items. Regarding his final conclusion concerning guilt, G. declared: "Toward the end of the case, I told [Juror D.] I did not believe the evidence was sufficient to support a guilty verdict."
At the new trial motion proceedings, the prosecution conceded, and the court found, that Juror D. had engaged in misconduct by discussing the case with his friend. However, the court concluded the record showed Juror D. was not biased against defendant because of the misconduct. The court reasoned that Juror D.'s statement that defendant was on "a sinking ship" did not reflect his final conclusion that he was guilty; the consideration of whether the victim had a motive to lie was not an improper consideration; it was a normal human reaction to wrestle with the question of why the defendant did not testify; ultimately the friend rendered an opinion not to convict based on the insufficiency of the evidence; and the friend's opinion did not sway Juror D. Accordingly, the court denied the new trial motion.
9
B. Legal Principles
A defendant has a constitutional right to a trial by an impartial jury. (In re Hamilton (1999) 20 Cal.4th 273, 293.) An impartial jury is one in which no member has been improperly influenced and every member is capable and willing to decide the case solely on the evidence before it. (Id. at p. 294.) To effectuate this right, the prospective jurors are subjected to voir dire questioning under oath to uncover any bias, and the selected jurors are sworn to decide the case based on the evidence presented to them and the instructions given by the court. (People v. Wilson (2008) 44 Cal.4th 758, 822; People v. Blackwell (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 925, 929; Code Civ. Proc., § 232.)
Further, to preserve impartiality the jury's deliberative process is shielded from all outside influences. As stated in People v. Bradford (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 1390, 1413-1414: " '[T]he jury's verdict must be based upon the evidence adduced at trial uninfluenced by extrajudicial evidence or communications or by improper association with the witnesses, parties, counsel or other persons.' [Citation.] 'Equally implicit in this constitutional guaranty is the right to have the jury's deliberations conducted privately and in secret, free from all outside intrusions, and extraneous influences or intimidations.' [Citation.] Thus, 'private, confidential deliberations outside of the presence of all nonjurors are an essential feature of the right to an impartial jury. . . .' "
To challenge the validity of a verdict based on juror misconduct, a defendant may present evidence of overt acts or statements that are objectively ascertainable by sight, hearing, or the other senses. (People v. Danks (2004) 32 Cal.4th 269, 302; Evid. Code, § 1150, subd. (a).) No evidence may be presented concerning the subjective reasoning
10
processes of a juror that can neither be corroborated nor disproved; rather, the effect of any misconduct is evaluated based on an objective standard of whether there is a substantial likelihood of juror bias. (People v. Danks, supra, at p. 302; In re Hamilton, supra, 20 Cal.4th at pp. 294, 296; In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal.4th 634, 653-654.)
When the record shows there was juror misconduct, the defendant is afforded the benefit of a rebuttable presumption of prejudice. (People v. Pierce (1979) 24 Cal.3d 199, 207; People v. Loker (2008) 44 Cal.4th 691, 746-747.) This presumption is provided as an evidentiary aid to the defendant because of the statutory bar against evidence of a juror's subjective thought processes and the reliability of external circumstances to show underlying bias. (In re Hamilton, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 295; In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at pp. 651-652, 657.) If a review of the entire record shows no substantial likelihood of juror bias, the presumption has been rebutted. (In re Hamilton, supra, at p. 296; In re Carpenter, supra, at p. 653.)
Juror bias does not require that a juror bear animosity towards the defendant. Rather, juror bias exists if there is a substantial likelihood that a juror's verdict was based on an improper outside influence, rather than on the evidence and instructions presented at trial, and the nature of the influence was detrimental to the defendant. (In re Hamilton, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 294; People v. Honeycutt (1977) 20 Cal.3d 150, 157-158; People v. Barton (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 709, 719.)
The question of what constitutes juror bias varies according to the circumstances of the case. (See People v. Nesler (1997) 16 Cal.4th 561, 580.) When, as here, juror misconduct arises from a juror's receipt of extraneous information, juror bias can be
11
inherent or circumstantial. (People v. Loker, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 747; People v. Danks, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 303; In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 653.) Under the inherent bias test, the court considers whether the "extraneous material, judged objectively, is inherently and substantially likely to have influenced the juror." (In re Carpenter, supra, at p. 653; People v. Loker, supra, at p. 747; People v. Danks, supra, at p. 303.) Even when the extraneous information is not so prejudicial, in and of itself, as to cause inherent bias, under the circumstantial bias test the court must examine the totality of the circumstances surrounding the misconduct to determine whether a substantial likelihood of actual bias nonetheless arose. (In re Carpenter, supra, at p. 654; People v. Loker, supra, at p. 747.) The judgment must be set aside if the court finds prejudice under either the inherent or circumstantial bias test. (In re Carpenter, supra, at p. 653.) "[B]efore a unanimous verdict is set aside, the likelihood of bias under either test must be substantial." (Id. at p. 654.)
Ultimately, the test for determining whether juror misconduct likely resulted in actual bias is "different from, and indeed less tolerant than," normal harmless error analysis. (People v. Marshall (1990) 50 Cal.3d 907, 951; In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 654.) If the record shows a substantial likelihood that even one juror "was impermissibly influenced to the defendant's detriment[,]" reversal is required regardless of whether the court is convinced an unbiased jury would have reached the same result.
12
(People v. Marshall, supra, at p. 951; In re Carpenter, supra, at pp. 651, 654; In re Malone (1996) 12 Cal.4th 935, 964.)4
On appeal from a ruling denying a new trial motion based on juror misconduct, we defer to the trial court's factual findings if supported by substantial evidence, and exercise our independent judgment on the issue of whether prejudice arose from the misconduct (i.e., whether there is a substantial likelihood of inherent and/or circumstantial juror bias). (People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 582 & fn. 5; see People v. Ault (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1250, 1263-1264.)
C. Analysis
The Attorney General concedes the juror's conversations with the nonjuror constituted misconduct, and thus a presumption of prejudice arose. Accordingly, the issue before us is whether the presumption of prejudice has been rebutted.
Preliminarily, we note that contrary to the Attorney General's assertion that we must defer to the trial court's factual finding that Juror D. was not biased against the defendant if supported by substantial evidence, a trial court's finding of no prejudice must be reviewed independently on appeal. (People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 582 & fn. 5; People v. Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 1263-1264.) As explained in Nesler, the appellate "court must independently determine whether, from the nature of [the] misconduct and all the surrounding circumstances, there is a substantial likelihood [the
4 In Carpenter, the Supreme Court clarified that the strength of the prosecution's evidence may be examined to determine the likelihood of juror bias, but once actual bias has been found the judgment must be reversed regardless of the strength of the evidence. (In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 655.)
13
juror] was . . . biased; i.e., was unable to put aside her impressions or opinions based upon the extrajudicial information she received and to render a verdict based solely upon the evidence received at trial."5 (Nesler, supra, at pp. 582-583.)
Here, there were no conflicts in the descriptions of juror misconduct that were resolved by the trial court. (Compare In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 646; People v. Loker, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 749.) The trial court accepted the facts set forth in the declarations submitted with the new trial motion, and then determined that under these undisputed facts the presumption of prejudice was rebutted. Although we defer to factual findings supported by substantial evidence, the legal import of the facts accepted by the trial court on the issue of prejudice is subject to our de novo evaluation. Accordingly, we independently review whether the record shows the presumption of prejudice was rebutted because there is no substantial likelihood of juror bias.
The juror misconduct at issue here was both pervasive (occurring every single day of the trial) and substantive (involving deliberative-type discussions about the merits of the case). The discussions between Juror D. and his friend not only violated Juror D.'s sworn obligation to follow the court's instructions not to discuss the case before deliberations and not to discuss the case at all with a nonjuror (Code Civ. Proc., § 232; § 1122), but also contravened the defendant's right to 12 jurors free from outside influence (see People v. Pierce, supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 207; People v. Wilson, supra, 44
5 In contrast, when a trial court grants a new trial based on a finding of prejudice from juror misconduct, the ruling granting a new trial is subject to deference on appeal with no independent review. (People v. Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1265.)
14
Cal.4th at p. 838). The nature of this misconduct gives rise to serious questions concerning the fairness of the trial.
First, Juror D.'s failure to comply with repeated admonitions not to discuss the case casts serious doubts on his willingness to follow the court's other instructions. (See In re Hitchings (1993) 6 Cal.4th 97, 120 [" 'When a person violates his oath as a juror, doubt is cast on that person's ability to otherwise perform his duties' "]; People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1370, 1411.) The court repeatedly reminded the jurors that they were under an absolute obligation not to discuss the case with a nonjuror and emphasized that this was a critical component of a fair trial.6 Juror D. disregarded this obligation and engaged in ongoing discussions with his nonjuror friend about the case.
This is not a case where a juror inadvertently or briefly mentioned something about the case to an outsider. (See, e.g., People v. Danks, supra, 32 Cal.4th at pp. 307, 310 [no prejudice from brief conversations between jurors and pastors]; People v. Zapien (1993) 4 Cal.4th 929, 994 [no prejudice from juror's inadvertent exposure to outside material concerning case].) Juror D.'s intentional and persistent disregard of the court's
6 For example, the court variously stated: "For the time that you're jurors, you have an obligation not to talk about this case or anything related to this case. It's part of the process of trying to keep a fair jury." "I've discussed—and will discuss again and again and again—that you can't talk about the case, you can't form or express opinions about it." "Throughout the course of this trial, we have to keep a glass wall around you." "I'm just going over this to belabor again—and I will do that regularly each day—how important it is for you not to talk about the case. . . . [¶] . . . . They're key ingredients of your being fair . . . ." "So folks are going to be curious about what you're doing. They'll be asking questions one way or the other expressly, silently. You're going to feel the instinct—I guarantee—to talk about it, and I'm reminding you that you must not." "[T]he opportunities for you to talk about this case, you must not accept."
15
instruction not to discuss the case—and in particular not to discuss the case with a nonjuror—creates a substantial likelihood that he also gave short shrift to his duty to follow the court's other instructions. Jury adherence to the trial court's instructions—which cover such matters as the burden of proof, the presumption of innocence, the elements of the crime, and the evaluation of witness credibility—is essential to a fair trial. Although we typically presume that jurors follow the court's instructions (People v. Gray (2005) 37 Cal.4th 168, 217), we cannot do so here in the face of the undisputed showing that Juror D. flagrantly disregarded an instruction that he was repeatedly told was essential to the fairness of the trial.
Second, the ongoing and improper communications between the juror and nonjuror about the merits of the case fundamentally compromised the integrity of the jury's deliberative process and undermined the requirement that the jury alone determine whether a defendant is guilty. The conversations between Juror D. and his friend included discussions about whether the victim had a motive to falsely accuse the defendant; the implications to be drawn from the fact that the defendant would not likely be testifying; their respective views as to which party was prevailing or should prevail; and the juror's observations concerning the victim's demeanor. The declarations reveal that G. freely shared his opinions with Juror D. about how to evaluate the case, improperly interjecting his views into Juror D.'s consideration of the evidence. These discussions were akin to deliberations that occur in the jury room and violated the constitutional requirement that the case is to be considered and decided solely by the sworn jurors. (People v. Bradford, supra, 154 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1413-1414.)
16
Unbeknownst to the prosecutor, defense counsel, and the court, G. was, in effect, a thirteenth juror who had not undergone the voir dire process to uncover bias. As recognized in People v. Wilson, supra, 44 Cal.4th at page 822, "the pretrial voir dire process is important [to protect the constitutional right to an impartial jury] because it enables the trial court and the parties to determine whether a prospective juror is unbiased and both can and will follow the law." Further, G. had not been sworn to try the case on the evidence and instructions, nor had he been present each day of trial to hear the evidence, evaluate witness demeanor, and apply his observations to the controlling law set forth by the court in the instructions. Each of these steps is essential to preserve the defendant's constitutional right to an impartial jury that decides the case on the evidence and under the court's instructions. Defendant was entitled to have his case evaluated by 12 jurors, not by 12 jurors and one extra, "invisible," unsworn juror whom Juror D. consulted on a daily basis.
The misconduct arising from these daily, deliberative-type discussions improperly interjected the views of a nonjuror—who had not been vetted through voir dire, had not been sworn to follow the law, and had not heard all the evidence—into Juror D.'s consideration of the case. Although Juror D. did not advise his fellow jurors of his communications with his friend, the fact that one juror was improperly influenced deprived defendant of his constitutional right to be tried by 12 impartial jurors. (See People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 578.)
Third, the fact that Juror D. and G. discussed the import of defendant's decision not to testify demonstrates that this outside influence was directed to a critical issue and
17
one that was potentially highly detrimental to the defense.7 As is true in all criminal trials, the jury was instructed that it is not permitted to consider or discuss the fact that the defendant exercised his constitutional right not to testify. (See CALCRIM No. 355.)8 This rule is designed to prevent the jury from drawing adverse inferences against the defendant in violation of the constitutional right not to incriminate oneself. (People v. Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 1424-1425.) In some cases the courts have found comments about a defendant's failure to testify to be nonprejudicial misconduct. (See, e.g, People v. Hord (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 711, 726-728 [no prejudicial misconduct from jurors' mere mentioning of defendant's failure to testify; comments were transitory without further discussion and foreperson admonished jurors they could not consider the failure to testify]; People v. Leonard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1425 [no prejudicial misconduct from jurors' comments at penalty phase that they wished defendant had testified to assist them better in understanding him; comments were not akin to negative inferences from failure to testify]; People v. Loker, supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. 748-749 [no prejudicial misconduct from jurors' mentioning of defendant's failure to testify during
7 G.'s declaration states that he told Juror D. that guilty people do not testify, whereas Juror D.'s declaration merely refers to his (Juror D.'s) statement that he did not think defendant would testify and G.'s response that certain high profile defendants who did not testify were acquitted even though they were guilty. Regardless of the precise nature of their discussion, it is clear they discussed defendant's decision not to testify.
8 In the language of CALCRIM No. 355, the jury was instructed: "A defendant has an absolute constitutional right not to testify. He or she may rely on the state of the evidence and argue that the People have failed to prove the charges beyond a reasonable doubt. Do not consider, for any reason at all, the fact that the defendant did not testify. Do not discuss that fact during your deliberations or let it influence your decision in any way." (Italics added.)
18
penalty phase; comments were brief and foreperson admonished jurors not to consider this matter].)
Unlike the situations in Hord, Leonard and Loker, the circumstances of this case show the discussion of defendant's decision not to testify carried a high potential of prejudice to the defense. In the absence of physical evidence, sexual molestation cases inevitably turn largely on the jury's evaluation of the victim's credibility. A defendant is entitled to have all 12 jurors make this evaluation without considering whether the defendant took the stand to deny the accusations. The defendant's silence should not be a factor adding to any inferences that the victim is telling the truth. The fact that Juror D. discussed defendant's silence with G. reflects that Juror D. considered this factor. Further, the fact that Juror D. repeatedly ignored clear instructions not to discuss the case supports that he equally ignored the court's instruction not to factor in defendant's silence when deciding the case. This improper influence obviated the defendant's constitutional right not to have his silence play any role in his conviction.
Juror D. and G. also had discussions concerning whether the victim had a motive to falsely accuse the defendant. G. declared that he told Juror D. that unless S. had a motive to make a false accusation, defendant was guilty. Assuming Juror D. heard this statement, this raises further concerns that G. was providing Juror D. with inaccurate summations of the law.9 An absolute statement that a defendant is guilty unless the
9 Juror D.'s declaration refers to a discussion of S.'s possible motives to lie, but does not refer to a precise statement by G. that the defendant was guilty unless S. had a motive to lie.
19
victim has a motive to fabricate, contravenes the principle that the jury should consider all the evidence when determining whether guilt has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Contrary to G.'s statement, the absence of the victim's motive to lie, although relevant, is not necessarily determinative on the issue of guilt.
We are not persuaded that the presumption of prejudice was rebutted merely because G. ultimately opined to Juror D. that he thought there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict. Regardless of G.'s eventual expression of an opinion favorable to the defense, the fact remains that during their conversations G. encouraged Juror D. to consider matters that were improper and detrimental to the defense, including the import of defendant's decision not to testify and that defendant was guilty unless the victim had a motive to make a false accusation.
Contrary to the People's assertion, the circumstances of this case are not comparable to those in People v. Barton, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th 709, where the court found the improper influence was favorable to the defendant. In Barton, a juror and nonjuror (the defendants' uncle) had repeated contacts during which the nonjuror attempted to persuade the juror to vote not guilty by appealing to her sympathy, and during deliberations the juror made statements suggesting she was sympathetic to the defendants. Finding no prejudice, the Barton court reasoned that although the record showed the juror was impermissibly influenced by outside information, only the People, not the defendants, suffered detriment. (Id. at pp. 717-719.) The Barton case did not involve a nonjuror who actively and continually participated in the deliberative process with the juror, nor did it involve a discussion of matters detrimental to the defense.
20
We conclude the record shows a substantial likelihood of juror bias. The content and frequency of the communications between Juror D. and his friend strongly suggests an outside influence detrimental to the defendant that was tantamount to inherent bias. Even if the misconduct does not rise to the level of inherent bias, the totality of the circumstances show a substantial likelihood of actual bias. Juror bias exists if a juror is incapable or unwilling to decide the case solely on the evidence before it. (See In re Hamilton, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 294.) By discussing the merits of the case every single day with G., Juror D. engaged in conduct that persistently disregarded the court's instructions. Juror D.'s pervasive, deliberative-type communications with G. create a substantial likelihood that he was unwilling to decide the case solely on the evidence and instructions at trial. Also, because the discussions included matters that carried a high potential of detriment to the defense, there is a substantial probability that Juror D.'s impartiality towards the defendant was compromised.
Our Supreme Court has made clear that a guilty verdict based on the vote of even one biased juror cannot be sustained, regardless of whether an unbiased jury would have reached the same result. (People v. Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 654.) "A defendant is 'entitled to be tried by 12, not 11, impartial and unprejudiced jurors. "Because a defendant charged with a crime has a right to the unanimous verdict of 12 impartial jurors [citation], it is settled that a conviction cannot stand if even a single juror has been improperly influenced." [Citations.]' " (People v. Nesler, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 578, brackets in original.) The record shows the sanctity of the deliberative process and the
21
right to an impartial jury was prejudicially tainted by Juror D.'s misconduct. The presumption of prejudice has not been rebutted, and defendant is entitled to a new trial.
II. Additional Issues upon Retrial
For guidance upon retrial, we address two other issues raised by defendant on appeal.
A. The Defense's Right to Examine the Victim's Diary
As set forth above, the prosecution introduced into evidence the portion of S.'s diary where she disclosed the molestation. Defendant asserts the trial court violated his due process rights by refusing his counsel's request to examine the entire diary. We conclude the defense should have been permitted to examine the entire diary, subject to appropriate protective orders formulated by the trial court.10
1. Background
The victim's diary was turned over to the police by S.'s parents during the investigation of the case. The diary contains entries dated between August 30, 2005, and April 23, 2006. To comply with its disclosure duties, the prosecution provided the defense with copies of the following portions of the diary: (1) The entry dated April 23, 2006 (consisting of 20 pages), which includes the statement disclosing the molestation; (2) an entry dated September 1, 2005 (consisting of four pages), which contains an
10 Defendant filed a motion on appeal requesting that his appellate counsel be permitted to review the sealed diary and a sealed reporter's transcript concerning the trial court's in camera examination of the diary. Given our resolution of the case, the motion is moot.
22
admission that S. lied to her parents about a matter unrelated to the charges;11 and (3) portions of entries dated November 19, 2005, January 8, 2006, and January 24, 2006, which include statements about visiting the grandparents' home. Citing the victim's privacy interests in the diary, the prosecution refused to disclose any other portions of the diary, explaining that they did not address anything related to the charges or defendant. The undisclosed portions of the diary included approximately 20 additional dated entries, covering about 102 additional pages.
Defendant filed a pretrial motion requesting that the court order the prosecution to turn over the entire diary for examination by the defense. Defendant argued the prosecution's intent to introduce into evidence the portion of the diary containing the disclosure waived the victim's privacy rights in the diary and, in the interests of fairness, required provision of the entire diary for defense inspection. The defense asserted that because the diary entry was being used to support S.'s credibility, review of the entire diary by the defense was necessary to ascertain whether the veracity of that entry and S.'s credibility could be undermined by other portions of the diary. Opposing disclosure, the prosecution argued that provision of the entire 20-page, April 23 entry containing the disclosure provided the defense with the complete portion of the relevant material, and the remaining undisclosed portions of the diary were irrelevant.
11 In this diary entry, S. stated that she falsely told her parents she sprained her wrist when she tripped over a curb while running, because she did not want to tell them she was riding a skateboard without a helmet.
23
After reviewing the entire diary in camera, the trial court denied defendant's pretrial motion for disclosure. The court recognized that under Brady12 and California's discovery statute, defendant was entitled to the diary if it contained information material or relevant to the defense (§ 1054.1, subd. (c)), and that the fact the prosecution was introducing a portion of the diary entitled defendant to the entire diary if it was relevant to the portion that was being admitted (Evid. Code, § 356). However, the court concluded that the relevant portions of the diary had been turned over to the defense; the undisclosed portions were not relevant to the portion containing the disclosure; and there was no need for further disclosure.13
During trial, the court permitted defense access to portions of one additional diary entry (dated April 15, 2006) which described sexual activity between S. and her boyfriend. The court permitted defense counsel to examine S. about this entry to support the defense theory that S. falsified the April 23 entry accusing defendant because she suspected her parents had read the April 15 entry and she was angry at them and wanted to hurt them.
12 Brady v. Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83.
13 Defendant moved to review the entire diary before the first and second trials and in a new trial motion after the second trial. The trial court denied his requests in all instances. At the time of the first trial, defendant also unsuccessfully sought writ relief for defense access to the diary from this appellate court.
24
2. Analysis
Defendant contends review of the entire diary is necessary to determine whether there were matters favorable to the defense, such as S.'s lack of entries complaining about the molestation, S.'s lack of expression of anger at defendant, or S.'s tendency to fantasize or exaggerate.
As a matter of constitutional due process, a defendant has a right to receive all material exculpatory and impeachment evidence in the possession of the government. (Brady v. Maryland, supra, 373 U.S. at p. 87; People v. Salazar (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1031, 1042.) Further, a defendant has a statutory right under the discovery statutes to disclosure of "[a]ll relevant real evidence" obtained by the prosecution during its investigation and of relevant written or recorded statements made by prosecution witnesses. (§ 1054.1, subds. (c), (f); see People v. Gonzalez (2006) 38 Cal.4th 932, 960; Abatti v. Superior Court (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 39, 53.)
When a defendant makes a showing justifying review of materials in the government's possession to determine whether there is material favorable to the defense, and the requested materials are privileged or confidential, procedures have been adopted to balance the defendant's due process right to obtain relevant defense evidence with the privacy interests at stake. (See, e.g., Pennsylvania v. Ritchie (1987) 480 U.S. 39, 57-61; Abatti v. Superior Court, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th at pp. 49-50.) For example, the court may conduct an in camera review of the items to determine whether they are material to the defense. (Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, supra, 480 U.S. at p. 60; see People v. Webb (1993) 6 Cal.4th 494, 518; People v. Navarro (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 146, 170; Rubio v.
25
Superior Court (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 1343, 1350.) In some instances, the balancing of the respective interests warrants exclusion of the defense from the in camera review. (See Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, supra, 480 U.S. at p. 60.) In other instances, the defense is permitted to participate in the review so as to subject it to the adversarial process, while allowing the issuance of appropriate protective orders to ensure maintenance of privacy. (Dennis v. United States (1966) 384 U.S. 855, 874-875; see United States v. Singh (5th Cir. 1991) 922 F.2d 1169, 1172-1173).
The exclusion of the defense from review of the materials is justified when the state has a compelling interest in maintaining the privacy of the materials. (Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, supra, 480 U.S. at pp. 59-61 [only trial court permitted to review child abuse records for information material to defense].) In Ritchie, the court recognized that precluding defense counsel from examining the state's child abuse files denied the defendant "the benefits of an 'advocate's eye,' " but reasoned the state had a compelling interest in protecting its child-abuse information and in camera review by the trial court was sufficient to protect the defendant's right to discover favorable evidence. (Ibid.)
In contrast, when there is no compelling need to maintain the privacy of the materials or the privacy interests may be adequately protected through orders restricting disclosure, the review should be conducted with defense participation. (See Dennis v. United States, supra, 384 U.S. at pp. 872-875.) In Dennis, the court concluded defense counsel should be permitted to review grand jury testimony for potential impeachment evidence at trial under circumstances where the court had the authority to order disclosure and the state conceded the need to preserve the secrecy of the grand jury
26
testimony was now minimal. (Id. at pp. 869-874.) The Dennis court explained that it was not realistic "to assume that the trial court's judgment as to the utility of material for impeachment . . . purposes, however conscientiously made, would exhaust the possibilities. In our adversary system, it is enough for judges to judge. The determination of what may be useful to the defense can properly and effectively be made only by an advocate." (Id. at pp. 874-875.)
The circumstances of this case do not involve simply a defense request to review material in the prosecution's possession, but rather involve a defense request to review materials that the prosecution is introducing into evidence. The introduction of evidence derived from private materials can waive the privacy rights in the materials. (See People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal.4th 641, 695; People v. Clark (1993) 5 Cal.4th 950, 1005-1008, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421, fn. 22; United States v. Nobles (1975) 422 U.S. 225, 239-240.) Additionally, the introduction of a portion of a statement can support an opponent's introduction of the entire statement. (People v. Harris (2005) 37 Cal.4th 310, 334-335; Evid. Code, § 356.)
The rule permitting access to private materials when the opposing party uses the materials at trial is designed to prevent the unfairness which would arise if one party is allowed to make "unilateral testimonial use" of private materials. (United States v. Nobles, supra, 422 U.S. at pp. 239-240.) Similarly, the rule permitting introduction of an entire statement when a portion of the statement is introduced by an opposing party prevents the jury from obtaining a misleading impression from the statement in isolation
27
and allows the jury to place the statement in context to evaluate its meaning. (People v. Arias (1996) 13 Cal.4th 92, 156.)
Here, S.'s parents turned the diary over to the authorities and a portion of the diary was admitted into evidence by the prosecution. Although a diary may be afforded privacy protection (see Taus v. Loftus (2007) 40 Cal.4th 683, 734), the prosecution's use of a portion of the diary reflects a waiver of that privacy interest sufficient to permit review by the defense. The People have not identified any compelling interest in shielding the diary from examination by the defense. Notably, the defense is not seeking a "fishing expedition" in documents in the government's possession, but is merely seeking access to materials used by the prosecution at trial. The courts recognize that a trial court's in camera review is not a full substitute for review by an advocate; thus, there must be some justification to foreclose the latter. No such justification has been presented here. The appropriate balancing of the parties' respective interests warrants providing the defense with access to the diary for purposes of reviewing it for material relevant to the defense, subject to appropriate protective orders fashioned by the trial court to maintain S.'s privacy.
The Attorney General asserts that the trial court was precluded from ordering the prosecution to provide defense access to the entire diary because, based on the prosecution's and the trial court's review, the undisclosed portions of the diary were determined to be irrelevant, and the prosecution has no duty to turn over irrelevant evidence. The contention is unavailing. As stated, under the circumstances of this case
28
there is no justification for precluding the defense from reviewing the diary to assess relevancy.
Our holding is not meant to suggest any opinion about the admissibility of any portions of the diary. We merely hold that the defense has the right to inspect the entire diary, subject to appropriate protective orders to protect S.'s privacy, and to present argument to the trial court on the issue of relevancy.
B. No Constitutional Requirement of Unanimity for Acts
Constituting Continuous Sexual Abuse
Defendant contends the trial court violated his constitutional rights by failing to give a unanimity instruction for the count 1 offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child under age 14. (§ 288.5.) Section 288.5, subdivision (a) defines the offense as committed when the defendant engages in three or more acts of substantial sexual conduct or lewd acts with the child over at least a three-month period. Section 288.5, subdivision (b) dispenses with the need for the jury to unanimously agree on the same three acts, stating: "To convict under this section the trier of fact, if a jury, need unanimously agree only that the requisite number of acts occurred not on which acts constitute the requisite number." Challenging this provision, defendant contends he is constitutionality entitled to a unanimous jury determination on each act that establishes the section 288.5 violation.
As recognized by defendant, in People v. Gear (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 86, 89, this court rejected a constitutional challenge to section 288.5, subdivision (b). In Gear, we explained: "The general rule is that the jury must unanimously 'agree upon the commission of the same act in order to convict a defendant of a charged offense'. . . . [¶]
29
This fundamental rule has presented vexing proof problems in cases involving . . . persons who reside with a minor or have unchecked access to a minor and are charged with repeatedly sexually molesting the minor over a prolonged period of time. . . . [¶] Section 288.5, creating the new crime of continuous sexual abuse of a child, was the Legislature's response. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] The crime of continuous sexual abuse of a child (§ 288.5) is a continuous-course-of-conduct crime and therefore falls within the exception to the rule that jurors must agree on the particular criminal acts committed by the defendant before convicting him." (People v. Gear, supra, at pp. 90-92.) The continuous-course-of-conduct exception to the unanimity requirement applies when, as here, the statute contemplates a continuous series of acts over a period of time. (Id. at pp. 91-92.) There is no violation of the constitutional right to unanimous agreement on the criminal conduct because the actus reus of the offense is the course of conduct, not a specific act. (Id. at pp. 92-93.) " 'The agreement required for conviction is directed at the appropriate actus reus: unanimous assent that the defendant engaged in the criminal course of conduct.' " (Id. at p. 93, accord People v. Whitham (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1282, 1295-1298.)
To support his constitutional challenge to section 288.5, defendant cites People v. Jones (1990) 51 Cal.3d 294, a case which concerns the section 288 lewd conduct offense. As we stated in Gear, reliance on Jones's analysis to evaluate section 288.5 is "akin to comparing apples with oranges." (People v. Gear, supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at p. 93.) The defendant in Jones was charged with several counts of lewd conduct on a minor (§ 288, subd. (a)) committed during various time periods, and the charges were supported by
30
"generic" testimony from the child that did not distinguish between the individual acts occurring over an extended period of time. (People v. Jones, supra, at pp. 299-300, 321.) The Jones court overruled several appellate court decisions that had found such generic testimony violated the defendant's right to a unanimous jury verdict because it would be impossible for the jury to agree on specific acts that constituted the crime. (Id. at pp. 299-300, 308-309, 322.) The Jones court concluded that there was no constitutional impediment to allowing a jury to find a defendant guilty of more than one indistinguishable act as long as the victim's testimony described the nature of the sexual acts, the frequency of the acts, and the general time period for the acts. (Id. at pp. 316, 321.) Further, the court in Jones directed that the jury be given a modified unanimity instruction, stating: "[W]hen there is no reasonable likelihood of juror disagreement as to particular acts, and the only question is whether or not the defendant in fact committed all of them, the jury should be given a modified unanimity instruction which, in addition to allowing a conviction if the jurors unanimously agree on specific acts, also allows a conviction if the jury unanimously agrees the defendant committed all the acts described by the victim." (Id. at p. 322.)
Because Jones does not concern the continuous-course-of-conduct offense defined by the Legislature in section 288.5, its directive that the jury must unanimously agree that the defendant committed all the acts described by the victim does not apply to this
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section.14 Unlike the section 288 offense at issue in Jones, section 288.5 contains specific requirements that define its parameters, including the requirement of three predicate acts over a three-month time period, and a limitation of one count per victim under the section. (See People v. Jones, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 329, dis. opn. of Mosk, J. ["The Legislature, in enacting section 288.5, created several safeguards designed to balance the state's compelling interest in prosecuting the resident child molester with the protection of a criminal defendant's rights"].) There is nothing in Jones that suggests the Legislature's decision to dispense with the unanimity requirement for the three predicate acts is unconstitutional, or that there is a constitutional imperative that the modified unanimity requirement formulated in Jones must be imposed on the section 288.5 offense. (People v. Higgins (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 294, 300-301, 304-305; People v. Gear, supra, 19 Cal.App.4th at pp. 93-94.)
We are likewise unpersuaded by defendant's contention that the United States Supreme Court's holding in Richardson v. United States (1999) 526 U.S. 813 supports that section 288.5, subdivision (b) is unconstitutional. In Richardson, the court as a matter of statutory interpretation, concluded that a federal offense requiring a series of drug offenses to prove a continual criminal enterprise required unanimous agreement as to which three specific drug transactions supported the conviction. (Richardson, supra, 526 U.S. at pp. 815-818.) In reaching this conclusion, Richardson noted that "the
14 The Jones court acknowledged that the Legislature had recently enacted section 288.5, and merely noted that the section could face a due process challenge if the appellate court decisions (overruled in Jones) were valid. (People v. Jones, supra, 51 Cal.3d at pp. 310-311.)
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Constitution itself limits a State's power to define crimes in ways that would permit juries to convict while disagreeing about means, at least where that definition risks serious unfairness and lacks support in history or tradition." (Id. at p. 820.) However, citing and distinguishing the Gear decision, the Richardson court recognized that this constitutional concern did not necessarily apply to state statutes that involved difficult problems of proof. Richardson noted that state statutes that permit conviction for sexual abuse of a minor based on a continuous course of conduct "may well respond to special difficulties of proving underlying criminal acts, People v. Gear, supra, [19 Cal.App.4th] at [pp.] 90-92, [citation], which difficulties are absent here." (Id. at p. 821.) Thus, Richardson supports the constitutionally of the continuous-course-of-conduct exception applied by the Legislature in section 288.5, subdivision (b). (See State v. Sleeper (2004) 150 N.H. 725 [846 A.2d 545, 548-550] [Richardson does not invalidate state's continuous-course-of-conduct sexual abuse offense]; State v. Johnson (2001) 243 Wis. 2d 365 [627 N.W.2d 455, 462-464] [same].)
To the extent defendant suggests the continuous-course-of-conduct exception runs afoul of the Apprendi15 rule, the contention fails. The Apprendi rule requires that each element of the offense be found by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, and prohibits a state from circumventing this rule by reclassifying elements of an offense as sentencing factors to be determined by a judge. (Apprendi v. New Jersey, supra, 530 U.S. at pp. 477, 491-496.) Defendant has not cited any authority suggesting that the Apprendi rule is
15 Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466.
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violated when the state, because of unique problems of proof, classifies a continuous course of conduct as the element of the offense which must be found by a unanimous jury, while classifying the specific underlying acts as the means of committing the crime which need not be found by a unanimous jury. (See People v. Napoles (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 108, 116 [no unanimity instruction required regarding " 'the exact way the defendant is guilty of a single discrete crime' "].) Section 288.5 permissibly defines the operative element as a continuous course of at least three acts, and defines the three specific acts as the means of committing the crime. (People v. Higgins, supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at p. 307 ["the number of acts of molestation is an essential element of the crime; unanimity on which acts . . . is not"].) This does not constitute a violation of the Apprendi rule.
III. Remaining Issues
Defendant raises several additional assertions of reversible error, including that: (1) A second juror committed misconduct by referring to her expertise during deliberations; (2) the trial court erred in excluding evidence of S.'s complaint to her parents about a neighbor touching her; (3) the trial court erred in excluding negative character evidence derived from S.'s statements on internet "My Space" pages; and (4) the prosecutor's closing arguments were improper. Given our reversal of the judgment,
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we need not address these issues. If the evidentiary disputes recur, they should be resolved in the first instance by the trial court based on the party's presentations at that time.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed.
HALLER, J.
WE CONCUR:
MCCONNELL, P. J.
IRION, J.